Ahmed Nassr
University of Hail, Archaeology, Faculty Member
- Dr. Ahmed Hamid Nassr, Assistant Professor at University of Hail, Colleage of Arts, Department of Tourism & Archaeolo... moreDr. Ahmed Hamid Nassr, Assistant Professor at University of Hail, Colleage of Arts, Department of Tourism & Archaeology . PHD in Early StoneAge archaeology, Sudan. Director of Stone Age Research of Eastern Desert of Lower Atbara River & Co-Director of Excavation of Early Paleolithic sites joint project between University of Neelain & University of Wroclaw, Poland and NCAM in the eastern desert of Lower Atbara River.
Field Director of Sabaloka east archaeological project of University of Neelain. I am interesting of Early human culture (Homoerectus and Homo Sapiens), behavour and imigration out of Africaedit
The Sahara Desert episodically became a space available for hominins in the Pleistocene. Mostly, desert conditions prevailed during the interpluvial periods, which were only periodically interrupted by enhanced precipitation during... more
The Sahara Desert episodically became a space available for hominins in the Pleistocene. Mostly, desert conditions prevailed during the interpluvial periods, which were only periodically interrupted by enhanced precipitation during pluvial or interglacial periods. Responding to Quaternary climatic changes, hominin dispersal was channeled through vegetated corridors. This manuscript introduces a recently discovered group of Acheulean and Middle Stone Age sites far from the Nile Valley in the Eastern Desert (Sudan), referred to as Eastern Desert Atbara River (EDAR). The ~5 m stratigraphy of the area is divided into three units (Units IeIII) bounded by erosion surfaces. Each contains archaeological horizons.
The EDAR area has rich surface sites with Acheulean horizons under the surface, singular finds of handaxes
within stratigraphic context in exposures, and large Acheulean sites partly exposed and destroyed
by the gold mining activity. Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating of Acheulean and MSA horizons
from the EDAR 135 site indicates that the sedimentary deposits with stone artifacts were formed
during the Middle Pleistocene between Marine Isotope Stages (MIS) 7 (pluvial) and 6 (interpluvial).
Based on the OSL dating from the top of Unit IB, Acheulean artifact-bearing sedimentary deposits from
overlying Unit IIA are younger than ca. 231 ka. Unit IA is the oldest Acheulean horizon in the EDAR area,
not yet dated but definitively older than ca. 231 ka. An MSA horizon found in fluvial sediment was dated
to be between 156 and 181 ka by OSL. The EDAR Pleistocene archaeological sites provide evidence for the
presence of additional corridor(s) across Nubia, which connects the early hominin dispersals from the
Nile and Atbara River systems to the Red Sea coast.
The EDAR area has rich surface sites with Acheulean horizons under the surface, singular finds of handaxes
within stratigraphic context in exposures, and large Acheulean sites partly exposed and destroyed
by the gold mining activity. Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating of Acheulean and MSA horizons
from the EDAR 135 site indicates that the sedimentary deposits with stone artifacts were formed
during the Middle Pleistocene between Marine Isotope Stages (MIS) 7 (pluvial) and 6 (interpluvial).
Based on the OSL dating from the top of Unit IB, Acheulean artifact-bearing sedimentary deposits from
overlying Unit IIA are younger than ca. 231 ka. Unit IA is the oldest Acheulean horizon in the EDAR area,
not yet dated but definitively older than ca. 231 ka. An MSA horizon found in fluvial sediment was dated
to be between 156 and 181 ka by OSL. The EDAR Pleistocene archaeological sites provide evidence for the
presence of additional corridor(s) across Nubia, which connects the early hominin dispersals from the
Nile and Atbara River systems to the Red Sea coast.
Research Interests:
This is an Accepted Manuscript of an article published by Taylor & Francis Group in JOURNAL OF FIELD ARCHAEOLOGY on 14 Mar 2019, available online: https://doi.org/10.1080/00934690.2019.1580099
Research Interests:
The western coastal zone of the Red Sea basin occupies a pivotal place in current discussions regarding hominin dispersal routes out of Africa. Its long coastal niche, which once extended into the Danakil Depression,1 as well as its... more
The western coastal zone of the Red Sea basin occupies a pivotal place in
current discussions regarding hominin dispersal routes out of Africa. Its
long coastal niche, which once extended into the Danakil Depression,1 as
well as its proximity to prominent paleoanthropological sites in the Main
Ethiopian and Afar rift basins, make the region a plausible destination for
hominins dispersing from the interior landscapes of eastern Africa.2,3
Unfortunately, compared to other parts of East Africa, the region has not
seen adequate paleoanthropological research, hindering detailed assessment of its contribution to hominin adaptations. A recent archeological
reconnaissance in the Red Sea coastal region of the Republic of Sudan
documented two characteristic Acheulean sites, named Hayna 01 and 02,
as well as numerous isolated scatters of stone artifacts representing
diverse technotypological features. The launching of this pioneering project was aimed at finding Paleolithic (Stone Age) sites that can inform us
about Pleistocene hominin adaptations in the western peripheries of the
Red Sea. The recovered evidence will be subsequently used to assess the
role of the region in early hominin survival and dispersal. Of the two
Acheulean-bearing sites documented by the survey, Hayna 01 (HY01) is
discussed here. It has a surface lithic assemblage characterized by a classic
bifacial technology referable to the Acheulean Technocomplex
current discussions regarding hominin dispersal routes out of Africa. Its
long coastal niche, which once extended into the Danakil Depression,1 as
well as its proximity to prominent paleoanthropological sites in the Main
Ethiopian and Afar rift basins, make the region a plausible destination for
hominins dispersing from the interior landscapes of eastern Africa.2,3
Unfortunately, compared to other parts of East Africa, the region has not
seen adequate paleoanthropological research, hindering detailed assessment of its contribution to hominin adaptations. A recent archeological
reconnaissance in the Red Sea coastal region of the Republic of Sudan
documented two characteristic Acheulean sites, named Hayna 01 and 02,
as well as numerous isolated scatters of stone artifacts representing
diverse technotypological features. The launching of this pioneering project was aimed at finding Paleolithic (Stone Age) sites that can inform us
about Pleistocene hominin adaptations in the western peripheries of the
Red Sea. The recovered evidence will be subsequently used to assess the
role of the region in early hominin survival and dispersal. Of the two
Acheulean-bearing sites documented by the survey, Hayna 01 (HY01) is
discussed here. It has a surface lithic assemblage characterized by a classic
bifacial technology referable to the Acheulean Technocomplex
Research Interests:
with the increasing archaeological field work and developing methodology recently to draw the general map of the Sudan past, many expeditions have taken place in different parts, central Sudan was the focusing area for a long time, many... more
with the increasing archaeological field work and developing
methodology recently to draw the general map of the Sudan past, many
expeditions have taken place in different parts, central Sudan was the
focusing area for a long time, many archaeological sites have been
discovered, comparative analysis made on the data with others regions
materials, Butana, Shendi and northern Sudan. Now a day archaeologist
drop their activities of the area in-between to find out the outlet links.
Al-Neelain University, Archaeology department made reconnaissance
project in the Sabaloka area for student training on archaeology field
work and to investigate general remains questions of from the earlier
projects in the central Sudan. Exploration, archaeological survey and
excavation are the main methods to examine the time and place of
archaeological sites in the area of eastern bank of the Nile between
Sabaloka gorge and Hajar Alasal village.
The field work start from 2009 with some exploration by Khidir Ahmed,
the survey and test excavations began from 2013 by the Author. Three
seasons have done and about 11 archaeological sites recorded, two of
them tested by excavations. In the Third season the archaeological
survey and excavation added a new discoveries from the surface
collections and stratified settlement remains and grave good related to
late prehistory around 7000 - 3000 B.C. Also significant late Meroitic
grave with complete furniture found.
This paper reviews will be accumulated as the results of archaeological
survey and test excavations of Third season from statistical classification
of the data have been collected, which is based on students training.
methodology recently to draw the general map of the Sudan past, many
expeditions have taken place in different parts, central Sudan was the
focusing area for a long time, many archaeological sites have been
discovered, comparative analysis made on the data with others regions
materials, Butana, Shendi and northern Sudan. Now a day archaeologist
drop their activities of the area in-between to find out the outlet links.
Al-Neelain University, Archaeology department made reconnaissance
project in the Sabaloka area for student training on archaeology field
work and to investigate general remains questions of from the earlier
projects in the central Sudan. Exploration, archaeological survey and
excavation are the main methods to examine the time and place of
archaeological sites in the area of eastern bank of the Nile between
Sabaloka gorge and Hajar Alasal village.
The field work start from 2009 with some exploration by Khidir Ahmed,
the survey and test excavations began from 2013 by the Author. Three
seasons have done and about 11 archaeological sites recorded, two of
them tested by excavations. In the Third season the archaeological
survey and excavation added a new discoveries from the surface
collections and stratified settlement remains and grave good related to
late prehistory around 7000 - 3000 B.C. Also significant late Meroitic
grave with complete furniture found.
This paper reviews will be accumulated as the results of archaeological
survey and test excavations of Third season from statistical classification
of the data have been collected, which is based on students training.
Research Interests:
يبدو الفضاء الجغرافي على حافة النيل الشرقية في قلب المملكة المروية أكثر المناطق السهلية المفتوحة على الأرض الخصبة. بالقرب من قرية الحماداب حوالي ثلاث كيلومترات جنوب العاصمة المروية القديمة. هناك يلوح للزائر من على الأفق أثنين من التلال... more
يبدو الفضاء الجغرافي على حافة النيل الشرقية في قلب المملكة المروية أكثر المناطق السهلية المفتوحة على الأرض الخصبة. بالقرب من قرية الحماداب حوالي ثلاث كيلومترات جنوب العاصمة المروية القديمة. هناك يلوح للزائر من على الأفق أثنين من التلال الكبيرة من ركام الطوب الأحمر وكسارة الفخار المنتشر على السطح، كل من هذه التلال يعلو حوالي أربع أمتار من محيطه الجغرافي. خلال موسم فيضان نهر النيل في الشهور الصيفية تحاط تلك التلال بمياة فيضان النيل وحينها يتحول منظرها إلي جزيرة. لا توجد بقايا صروح أثرية بالقرب منها ولكن تقف تلك التلال شاهداً على تاريخ مدينة قديمة عمرت المنطقة قبل 2000 عام. الكوم الشمالي من هذه التلال يسمى بدومة الحماداب ويكشف عن بقايا مستطونة حضرية لا سيما وأن الكوم الجنوبي استخدم بصورة رئيسية كجبانة في تلك الفترة.
Research Interests:
Evidence from several sites suggests that the late prehistoric communities in Sudan developed over transitional times and regional diversities. Central and Northern Sudan have yielded an important record of late prehistoric settlements... more
Evidence from several sites suggests that the late prehistoric communities in Sudan developed over transitional times and regional diversities. Central and Northern Sudan have yielded an important record of late prehistoric settlements with several Mesolithic and Neolithic sites. New data from current projects such as the Sabaloka Dam Archaeological Project (SDASP, El Salha project) are progressively updating the archaeological map of Sudan and bringing fresh information about the complex transitions having occurred during the late prehistoric periods. Although many topics have been discussed, some issues remain untouched and geographical gaps are still unin-vestigated. This paper reports about the survey and excavation conducted in the Sabaloka area, North of Khartoum, since 2013-2015. It is also a first attempt to discuss the importance of the area in the field of Sudanese prehistory and to explore the range of regional diversities through comparative studies. Résumé Les recherches archéologiques conduites au Soudan suggèrent que les communautés de la pré-histoire récente se sont développées au travers de transitions majeures et d'une diversité régionale notable. Dans les régions centrale et septentrionale, un nombre important de sites d'habitat des périodes mésolithique et néolithique ont été identifiés. Les données inédites émergeant de projets en cours comme le Sabaloka Dam archaeological project (SDASP, El Salha project) complètent progressive-ment la carte archéologique complexe du Soudan pour les périodes de la préhistoire récente apportant de nouvelles informations sur les modalités des transitions et l'emplacement des sites. De nombreux sujets ont déjà été explorés mais certaines problé-matiques restent vierges et de vastes régions encore inexplorées. Cet article rend compte des récents travaux de prospection et fouille menés dans la région de Sabaloka, au nord de Khartoum, depuis 2013-2015. Il est également l'occasion de proposer une discussion autour des particularismes régio-naux dans la préhistoire récente du Soudan central, à partir d'études comparatives de mobilier.
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
El-Ga'ab depression is one of the largest Paleo-lake in the western desert of the Nile, extending south of Third cataract on the western bank of the Nile, to the Western Desert and parallel the Nile from south to north. Archaeological... more
El-Ga'ab depression is one of the largest Paleo-lake in the western desert of the Nile, extending south of Third cataract on the western bank of the Nile, to the Western Desert and parallel the Nile from south to north. Archaeological investigation is carried by Khartoum University from 2007 onwards. Many archaeological sites have been discovered, the prehistoric sites were the main aspects. The Paleolithic artifacts are one of the most common data collected. This paper presents results of classification study of Paleolithic stone tools collected from different Seasons (2009 - 2015).The main aim of the paper is to describe the techno-typological characteristics of the lithic assemblages recovered from the newly discovered sites. Sites were recorded from a variety of landscape settings mainly on the edges of the depression close to the Paleo-lake, and the density of artifacts varies from site to site irrespective of site contexts. The classification of the assemblages revealed that the common technology of the collection is the developed tip end point. This represents two main cultural entities: MSA stone tools (represented by small hand axes, Sangoan, Lanceolate point, Levallois point and different form of spear point) and Upper Paleolithic (characterized by tanged Aterian spear point, arrow head and utilized blades). Quartz and chert are the dominant raw material of the assemblages.
Research Interests:
Late Prehistoric ideas regarding the development from the early Neolithic to Chacolithic are changing due to the emergence of new data coming from central and northern Sudan. The interpretations of this new evidence suggest several traits... more
Late Prehistoric ideas regarding the development from the early Neolithic to Chacolithic are changing due to the emergence of new data coming from central and northern Sudan. The interpretations of this new evidence suggest several traits instead of a single transition from hunter-gatherer to agriculturalist economy.
Another emphasis is the relationship between prehistoric cultural aspects and the environmental conditions of the period; it has been considered that it hyper-affected the development of farming in one way or another.
As a result of these studies scholars have began to elaborate on the definition of the period and borrowed a number of cultural terms to define a Neolithic horizon, (e.g. early to late Neolithic).
Many traits have been used in this definition, such as pottery variability, lithic-technology development and changes in social circumstances. This leads to redefining cultures as Khartoum Neolithic, Shaheinab, Abka culture, A Group culture and PreKerma (Arkell 1953, Nordstroum 1972, Mohammed-Ali 1982, Hassan 1986, Haaland 1987, Honneger 1997 and Sadig 2010).
This new concept tends to appear in greater regional diversity on the horizons of the late Prehistoric period as will be discussed later; the Qalaat Shanan site is one such element of these regional aspects.
Another emphasis is the relationship between prehistoric cultural aspects and the environmental conditions of the period; it has been considered that it hyper-affected the development of farming in one way or another.
As a result of these studies scholars have began to elaborate on the definition of the period and borrowed a number of cultural terms to define a Neolithic horizon, (e.g. early to late Neolithic).
Many traits have been used in this definition, such as pottery variability, lithic-technology development and changes in social circumstances. This leads to redefining cultures as Khartoum Neolithic, Shaheinab, Abka culture, A Group culture and PreKerma (Arkell 1953, Nordstroum 1972, Mohammed-Ali 1982, Hassan 1986, Haaland 1987, Honneger 1997 and Sadig 2010).
This new concept tends to appear in greater regional diversity on the horizons of the late Prehistoric period as will be discussed later; the Qalaat Shanan site is one such element of these regional aspects.
Research Interests:
The significant of the old stone ages in the Sudan, seems from the longest times and the large differentiation in antiquities, so many Neolithic cemeteries have been discovered in the Sudan, which the studies revealed costumes’ funerary... more
The significant of the old stone ages in the Sudan, seems from the longest times and the large differentiation in antiquities, so many Neolithic cemeteries have been discovered in the Sudan, which the studies revealed costumes’ funerary from the Form of grave and the contents has been contrasted in some elements and constant in the others.
In this paper we should discuss the variations of the Neolithic cemeteries from the form of grave and contents, and the constant and contrast among the graves within the site to shed alight of the Neolithic graves types and their components.
On the other hand we apply the conclusion of that on the result of our excavations in Ritaij site in the Sabaloka north of Khartoum, which are carried out in two season (2013 – 2014) and the result of our excavation at Qalaat Shanan site in Shendi area central Sudan, which excavation start in 2001 – 2012, and discovered many Neolithic graves, we will use here the result from two sites in different area as a case study to describe the similarity and differentiation of the Neolithic graves in the Sudan.
In this paper we should discuss the variations of the Neolithic cemeteries from the form of grave and contents, and the constant and contrast among the graves within the site to shed alight of the Neolithic graves types and their components.
On the other hand we apply the conclusion of that on the result of our excavations in Ritaij site in the Sabaloka north of Khartoum, which are carried out in two season (2013 – 2014) and the result of our excavation at Qalaat Shanan site in Shendi area central Sudan, which excavation start in 2001 – 2012, and discovered many Neolithic graves, we will use here the result from two sites in different area as a case study to describe the similarity and differentiation of the Neolithic graves in the Sudan.
Research Interests:
One of the most important, yet contentious, topics in lithic technology studies in African Archaeology, is the beginnings, transition, change and pathway of the spread of early hominine populations dispersing through north east Africa.... more
One of the most important, yet contentious, topics in lithic technology studies in African Archaeology, is the beginnings, transition, change and pathway of the spread of early hominine populations dispersing through north east Africa. The Nile and the desert played a role in this debate as significant as the geographical and technological variability in large cutting tools of early Paleolithic in the Sudan. While the geographical and geological data indicate that the Sudan is the main corridor of early human transition out of south/east to north/east Africa, the archaeological evidence is still unclear.
In spite of discoveries in northern Sudan revealing a complex development of Middle Paleolithic, the lower Paleolithic was until this research little known. Many questions arise about the roots of these cultures and the transition to the northern Sudan. However, there are limited early Paleolithic discoveries in central Sudan, as well as taxonomic items which led to the classification and comparison methods becoming large and complex. There are resulting gaps in early cutting tools development, beside the regional diversity.
This paper reviews following retrospective discussion of large cutting tools in Sudan from the revisiting of Khor Abu Anga collections and the archaeological survey discoveries of five Paleolithic sites in the lower Atbara River, and the result of classification assemblages from the site of Jebel Elgrain to shed a light on the main characteristics of large cutting tools in the Sudan.
In spite of discoveries in northern Sudan revealing a complex development of Middle Paleolithic, the lower Paleolithic was until this research little known. Many questions arise about the roots of these cultures and the transition to the northern Sudan. However, there are limited early Paleolithic discoveries in central Sudan, as well as taxonomic items which led to the classification and comparison methods becoming large and complex. There are resulting gaps in early cutting tools development, beside the regional diversity.
This paper reviews following retrospective discussion of large cutting tools in Sudan from the revisiting of Khor Abu Anga collections and the archaeological survey discoveries of five Paleolithic sites in the lower Atbara River, and the result of classification assemblages from the site of Jebel Elgrain to shed a light on the main characteristics of large cutting tools in the Sudan.
Research Interests:
The development of the African Archaeology recently had convinced scholars to link Archaeological theory with the field work, specially these methods have been developed practically to achieve the new methods in different field of... more
The development of the African Archaeology recently had convinced scholars to link Archaeological theory with the field work, specially these methods have been developed practically to achieve the new methods in different field of Archaeology.
Since in geographical location of Shendi University in one of most important Archaeological district of Sudan (Shendi Archaeological Reach).
The student department covers 50% of their studies with different methods of the field work.
Hence, student of the final (fourth level) carries intensive excavation at Qalaat Shanan according to their duties for graduation.
This paper tries to shed lights on the scientific activities on the site .
The student and the University in the field of Sudan Archaeology, in general and in the field of prehistoric Sudan in specific.
This will be basically through discussing the ten years result of the material remain on Qalaat Shanan, to explain the importance of the site in the field of the studies of Sudan late prehistoric.
Since in geographical location of Shendi University in one of most important Archaeological district of Sudan (Shendi Archaeological Reach).
The student department covers 50% of their studies with different methods of the field work.
Hence, student of the final (fourth level) carries intensive excavation at Qalaat Shanan according to their duties for graduation.
This paper tries to shed lights on the scientific activities on the site .
The student and the University in the field of Sudan Archaeology, in general and in the field of prehistoric Sudan in specific.
This will be basically through discussing the ten years result of the material remain on Qalaat Shanan, to explain the importance of the site in the field of the studies of Sudan late prehistoric.
Research Interests:
Many Neolithic sites have been discovered in the area of the Shendi Reach. The most important among these are el Kadada, el Ghaba (Geus. 1984) and es Sour (Sadig. 2005). Other sites; eg. Sidier, Shaqalu, Ushara and Qandtu, were also... more
Many Neolithic sites have been discovered in the area of the Shendi Reach. The most important among these are el Kadada, el Ghaba (Geus. 1984) and es Sour (Sadig. 2005). Other sites; eg. Sidier, Shaqalu, Ushara and Qandtu, were also investigated (Geus.1981:39). (Map. 1).
In late 1990s, a new site, namely Qalat Shanan, has been discovered in Shendi town. Since its discovery, Qalat Shanan gave a proper evidence of the importance of the part of Shendi as a link between the different Neolithic sites in Khartoum, Butana and further north in the Atbara region. This report will give a brief description of the site and its importance to Neolithic study as a whole.
In late 1990s, a new site, namely Qalat Shanan, has been discovered in Shendi town. Since its discovery, Qalat Shanan gave a proper evidence of the importance of the part of Shendi as a link between the different Neolithic sites in Khartoum, Butana and further north in the Atbara region. This report will give a brief description of the site and its importance to Neolithic study as a whole.
In the central Sudan there is a remarkable environmental variability, which has reflected apparently in human settlement distribution in the ancient ages, particularly in the plain, that situated in a triangle shape surrounded by the... more
In the central Sudan there is a remarkable environmental variability, which has reflected apparently in human settlement distribution in the ancient ages, particularly in the plain, that situated in a triangle shape surrounded by the River Nile, Atbara River and Blue Nile. There is a clear link of the cultural spreading and with Landscape and its natural resources as reflected By distribution of Archaeological sites.
This trend leads the Researcher to study the geographical location of Umm Soda Meroitic site in Butana plain and, its environment –, is also important to know how the natural resources led to economic prosperity in this area and expanded to Meroitic Civilization as represented in The Meroitic culture.
This study is based on quality and quantity of cultural heritage in the site and compared with present agricultural and rural communities around as ethno-archaeological approach to find out the role of Umm Soda site in shaping Meroitic culture.
The main reason behind choosing this topic is that, the Researcher had surveyed the area between Basa site and Umm Soda (2008) attempting to test the assumptions stemmed from the archaeological Questions farmed, these Questions are concern the Landscape in The Island of Meroe and its relation to human settlement distribution during Meroitic time.
This trend leads the Researcher to study the geographical location of Umm Soda Meroitic site in Butana plain and, its environment –, is also important to know how the natural resources led to economic prosperity in this area and expanded to Meroitic Civilization as represented in The Meroitic culture.
This study is based on quality and quantity of cultural heritage in the site and compared with present agricultural and rural communities around as ethno-archaeological approach to find out the role of Umm Soda site in shaping Meroitic culture.
The main reason behind choosing this topic is that, the Researcher had surveyed the area between Basa site and Umm Soda (2008) attempting to test the assumptions stemmed from the archaeological Questions farmed, these Questions are concern the Landscape in The Island of Meroe and its relation to human settlement distribution during Meroitic time.
لعب نهر النيل في السودان الدور الأعظم في ظهور وتطور المجموعات البشرية المبكرة كمورد طبيعي دائم، وكشفت بعض الأبحاث نزوح لتلك المجموعات من الجنوب إلي الشمال ومن النيل إلي الصحراء. مما قاد الباحثين في مجال العصور الحجرية لإنشاء مشاريع بحثية... more
لعب نهر النيل في السودان الدور الأعظم في ظهور وتطور المجموعات البشرية المبكرة كمورد طبيعي دائم، وكشفت بعض الأبحاث نزوح لتلك المجموعات من الجنوب إلي الشمال ومن النيل إلي الصحراء. مما قاد الباحثين في مجال العصور الحجرية لإنشاء مشاريع بحثية لتتبع طبيعة مواقع العصور الحجرية ومخلفاتها الأثرية ما بين النيل والصحراء. ووجدت الصحراء الغربية لشمال السودان الحظ الأوفر في ذلك وكشفت عن أنماط ثقافية متطورة ومتماثلة في آثارها في جوانب كثيرة ومختلفة في جوانب أخرى.
بناء على ذلك تم تأسيس مشروع العصور الحجرية في الصحراء الشرقية لأسفل نهر عطبرة بدعم من وزراة التعليم العالي والبحث العلمي لاختبار منطقة جديدة ولتتبع القضايا العالقة بالعصور الحجرية في السودان وابراز دوره في خروج ثقافات العصور الحجرية من جنوب شرق إفريقيا إلي شمالها ولتوضيح التبادل الثقافي ما بين الصحراء الشرقية ونهر عطبرة والتقلبات المناخية ونزوح المجموعات البشرية المبكرة من الشرق إلي الغرب ومن الوسط إلي الشمال ودورها في ظهور الحضارات البرونزية في شمال السودان.
بناء على ذلك تم تأسيس مشروع العصور الحجرية في الصحراء الشرقية لأسفل نهر عطبرة بدعم من وزراة التعليم العالي والبحث العلمي لاختبار منطقة جديدة ولتتبع القضايا العالقة بالعصور الحجرية في السودان وابراز دوره في خروج ثقافات العصور الحجرية من جنوب شرق إفريقيا إلي شمالها ولتوضيح التبادل الثقافي ما بين الصحراء الشرقية ونهر عطبرة والتقلبات المناخية ونزوح المجموعات البشرية المبكرة من الشرق إلي الغرب ومن الوسط إلي الشمال ودورها في ظهور الحضارات البرونزية في شمال السودان.